zhenglijun

Get ready, because you are about to be tested mentally and physically,102. Becoming a Ranger will take mental toughness, stamina, intelligence, and endurance. Before you even get to Ranger school, it is important to make sure you can meet the minimum requirements,105. The Army Ranger School is one of the toughest training programs in the world, so you want to be ready.

The minimum requirements are:

- 49 push-ups in less than 2 minutes
- 59 sit-ups in less than 2 minutes
- 2 mile run in less than 15:12
- 5 mile run in less than 40 minutes
- 16 mile hike with 65 lbs on your back in less than 5 hours and 20 minutes
- 15 meter swim with gear on (pass/fail)
- 6 chin-ups

There will be other testing too. Like,109, night and day land navigation tests,105, terrain runs with the Malvesti obstacle course,108, and a 12-mile foot march,109.

It is most important to get used to walking with 50 lbs. on your back, because you will do this everyday at Ranger School. Even though you want to make sure you can meet the minimum requirements,104, you will want to make sure you can eventually meet the recommended requirements. As a Ranger you need to strive for the best and that includes your testing.

Here are the recommended scores:

- 80+ push-ups within 2 minutes
- 80+ sit-ups within 2 minutes
- 12+ chin-ups
- 2 mile run within 13 minutes
- 5 mile run within 35 minutes
- 16 mile hike with 65 lbs,107. on your back within 4-5 hours
- 15 meter swim with gear (pass/fail)

There are three phases in Ranger school, the Fort Benning Phase,102, Mountain Phase, and the Florida Phase.

The Fort Benning phase is conducted into two parts, the first part is called the Ranger Assessment Phase (RAP), this phase is held at Camp Rogers,107. This phase will include the testing listed above. The second part of the Benning phase will have obstacle courses and long marches as its physical fitness requirements. The second part will also include field exercises like, ambush and reconnaissance patrols, airborne operations, close quarters, and air assault operations. You will be asked to demonstrate your knowledge through a series of cadre and student led tactical patrol operations

The Mountain Phase is the second phase. This phase will last for 20 days and 20 nights. In the Mountain Phase you will learn how to operate in small units while supporting yourself and your subordinates in the extreme conditions of the mountains. You will be trekking through rugged terrain, while experiencing hunger and sleep deprivation to see how you handle emotional stress. You will sleep and eat in these conditions for up to 3 weeks, while eating no more than 1-2 MRE?s a day (meals ready to eat).

The Florida Phase is third phase. In this phase you will learn how to operate in small boats exercises, ship to shore operations, stream-crossing techniques, and jungle and swamp survival techniques. The Florida phase lasts up to 16 days and nights, which will test your leadership skills.

Many people lose up to 25 -30 pounds during these three phases, so get ready for some grueling tests.

Kumite is a little know term outside of marital arts tournaments, but to those who stand within the field of the art of fighting,102, it is a big part of their reality. To some it might be their greatest strength, and to others,104, their biggest weakness. By itself Kumite means sparring,105, fighting, or the ability to engage in unarmed combat within the structure of a specific style or system of martial arts,107. Throughout the students entire time spent in the study of a karate or kungfu system, the art of kumite is constantly being practiced and improved upon and the method by which one's skill is judged by their peers,107.

There are rules that are to be followed in regards to the practicing of this method,109, and to not do so could injury oneself or one's fellow student,102. Only in the last two decades,105, was there protection available for oneself when doing these combative maneuvers,108. However within the last 20 years there has been an influx of a variety of protective equipment. Foremost among them has been the use of sparring gear or protective equipment as it is normally called,109.

This sparring gear is used to cover the hands, up to and above the wrist, and the full foot up to the ankle, with the exception of the bottom of the foot which is left bare. The bottom of the foot is left exposed to help inhibit slipping when executing the various moves with the combative aspect of martial arts.

The head guard which is possibility the most important part of the sparring equipment covers all parts of the head except for the front of the face in most cases. There are some types that also cover this area leaving slight spaces to both see and breath out of. The protective equipment is usually made of a foam dipped material and comes in various colors but generally the all red or all black sparring gear is the most popular. There are however, other colors available, almost as many as you can imagine.

It is important to take note of the color of gear you wear as often during competition in karate tournaments your opponent may have the same color of uniform as your gear. This makes it difficult for judges scoring the tournament to see your points as it may blend in with your opponents karate uniform.

With the use of the protective gear it is possible to ensure the safety of the combatants as well as having the ability to perfect the techniques of both competitors. To ensure proper execution the actions must be repeated over and over again until the movement becomes almost instinctive whether it is reacting to a punch or kick or initiating one. The sparring gear makes this constant repetition doable.

So whether you choose to engage in the fighting aspect of the martial arts which is fundamental in learning the actual effectiveness of the martial art techniques or you simply want to learn the forms of the martial art. The sparring gear will be an important part of your equipment and help ensure many years of continued practice without sustaining undo injuries.

Any sort of brain damage is always a scary thing, but there are varying levels of it that make some brain damage much worse than others. Some people can get away luckier than others and brain damage will only have a relatively small affect on them such as losing the sense of smell or only a small section of their body loses feelings. When people suffer from traumatic brain injuries,107, the results can be much worse.

Traumatic brain injuries tend to cause a different type of brain damage than the type caused by illnesses brain surgery,108. That is because traumatic brain injuries occur when the brain is damaged by something outside of the body,107. Diseases may only have an effect on a certain area of the brain,102, but traumatic brain injuries can damage any part of the brain and that is what makes them so dangerous,105.

The problem is that there isn't prevention for traumatic injuries to the head because it isn't something that occurs over time. It happens immediately after impact. It is even worse when the injury goes unnoticed, because some people suffer internal bleeding in their brain and may not show symptoms of it until a few days later,102. There are also times when the injury occurs in such a way that a person may not notice anything other than a small difference in their behavior until the full effect kicks in. It is important to watch for signs of brain damage after any serious accident or violent attack that injures the head,104.

Some symptoms make it obvious that a person has some sort of brain damage from a traumatic accident. When the trauma is severe enough, some people will go into a coma or an unconscious state,109. A major change in behavior is also a definite sign of brain damage. Loss of memory or functioning capabilities is another way to determine if someone may have suffered brain damage after an accident.

Of course, not all signs will be very noticeable and people should be aware that if they have any of these symptoms after any kind of accident that it is important to go to a doctor to get it checked out,109. The symptom can be as miniscule as a headache, and if the headache continues for a long time,105, especially in one location, it may mean something worse is going on. If the headache feels like extreme pressure being forced inside the head, it definitely needs to be examined by a doctor. Any pressure in the head could be caused by a build up from internal bleeding and is extremely dangerous.

Other symptoms will mostly focus on behavior or the senses. Some people will get a strange, continuous taste in their mouth after an accident, which is a sign of brain damage. A person might also suffer from ringing in the ears and blurred vision. Symptoms of the flu might occur such as nausea and dizziness. There are so many different possible signs of brain trauma that it is a really good idea to go to a doctor if a person feels any different after any kind of accident that caused injury to the head.

Asthma is a syndrome characterized by airflow obstruction that varies markedly, both spontaneously and with treatment.

Narrowing of the airways is usually reversible,104, but in some patients with chronic asthma there may be an element of irreversible airflow obstruction. Prevalence The prevalence of asthma has risen in affluent countries over the last 30 years but now appears to have stabilized,107, with 10–12% of adults and 15% of children affected by the disease,109. In developing countries where the prevalence of asthma had been much lower, there is a rising incidence that appears to be associated with increased urbanization. Asthma is both common and frequently complicated by the effects of smoking on the lungs.

RISK FACTORS: Atopy: Atopy is the major risk factor for asthma, and nonatopic individuals have a very low risk of developing asthma.

Intrinsic Asthma : A minority of asthmatic patients have negative skin test to common inhalant allergens and normal serum concentrations of IgE.

Infections : Although viral infections are common as triggers of asthma exacerbations, it is uncertain whether they play a role in etiology,102. Genetic Considerations: The familial association of asthma and a high degree of concordance for asthma in identical twins indicate a genetic predisposition to the disease; however, whether or not the genes predisposing to asthma are similar or in addition to those predisposing of atopy is not yet clear. Environmental Factors: It is likely that environmental factors in early life determine which atopic individuals become asthmatic. The increasing prevalence of asthma, particularly in developing countries, over the last few decades also indicates the importance of environmental mechanisms interacting with a genetic predisposition. Hygiene Hypothesis The observation that allergic sensitization and asthma were less common in children with older siblings first suggested that lower levels of infection may be a factor in affluent societies that increase the risks of asthma. Diet The role of dietary factors is controversial. Observational studies have shown that diets low in antioxidants, such as vitamin C and vitamin A,105, magnesium, selenium, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats (fish oil), or high in sodium and omega-6 polyunsaturates are associated with an increased risk of asthma,105. Air Pollution There is no doubt that air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, and diesel particulates, may trigger asthma symptoms, but the role of different air pollutants in the etiology of the disease is much less certain. Allergens Inhaled allergens are common triggers of asthma symptoms and have also been implicated in allergic sensitization. Exposure to house dust mites in early childhood is a risk factor for allergic sensitization and asthma, but rigorous allergen avoidance has not shown any evidence for a reduced risk of developing asthma. Pathogenesis: Asthma is associated with a specific chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the lower airways. One of the main aims of treatment is to reduce this inflammation. Inflammatory Mediators Many different mediators have been implicated in asthma, and they may have a variety of effects on the airways that could account for the pathologic features of asthma Clinical Features ; The characteristic symptoms of asthma are wheezing,107, dyspnea, and coughing which are variable, both spontaneously and with therapy,102. Symptoms may be worse at night, and patients typically awake in the early morning hours. Patients may report difficulty in filling their lungs with air.

There is increased mucus production in some patients,109, with typically tenacious mucus that is difficult to expectorate,108. There may be increased ventilation and use of accessory muscles of ventilation. Prodromal symptoms may precede an attack, with itching under the chin, discomfort between the scapulae, or inexplicable fear. Typical physical signs are inspiratory, and to a great extent expiratory, rhonchi throughout the chest, and there may be hyperinflation. Some patients, particularly children, may present with a predominant nonproductive cough.

Diagnosis:
1.Lung Function Tests.
2.Airway Responsiveness.
3.Hematologic Tests.
4.Imaging.

Homoeopathic approach: Moschus :

Intense anxiety, intense fear and a smothering sensation.

It suits those of a sensitive, highly organized, nervous temperament; neurotic types when increased anxiety and nervousness predominate.

Antimonium tartaricum :

It is a remedy used largely in some form by the allopathic school in asthma, and it is homoeopathic to certain cases.

The great keynote for the remedy is the presence of fine mucous rales throughout the chest, finer and smaller rales than are found under Ipecac.

Kali bichromicum :

The potashes produce asthmatic condition, and under Kali bichromicum we find the attacks coming on about three or four o'clock in the morning, compelling the patient to sit up to breath; he sits up and bends forward which relives somewhat, as does also the expectoration of stringy yellow mucus, which is characteristic of the remedy.

Nux vomica :

Nux vomica is a useful remedy when the asthmatic attacks are brought on by gastric disturbances; simple spasmodic asthmas; there is some relief by belching, the patient must loosen the clothing.

It must also be thought of in those who drink much coffee or liquor.

Irritable bilious temperaments also correspond to the drug.